Functions of Midbrain

 Functions of Midbrain

The midbrain, also known as the mesencephalon is the central part of the brain which is specific for visual and auditory processing. It is the superior part of the brainstem Which connects the forebrain and hindbrain. 

The midbrain is divided into various parts which perform different functions. These parts are the tectum, the tegmentum, the cerebral aqueduct and the cerebral peduncles. 

Tectum

The tectum has two main functional parts;

• superior colliculi that perform visual processing
• inferior colliculi that perform auditory processing

Tegmentum

Tegmentum is further divided into the following parts that perform different functions;

• Periaqueductal gray matter has a function in adjusting movement sequences during fights, fear and anxiety, behavioral responses and processing pain signals.
• The spinothalamic tract carries signals for pain and temperature to the thalamus of the forebrain.
• The corticospinal tract transfers motor information from the brain to the spinal cord.
• Reticular formation is specific for sleep, attention, activeness, movements and various important reflexes.
• Red nuclei are specialized for motor functions.
• Substantia nigra contain dopamine-producing cells which help in balancing movements and reward functions.
• Two of the cranial nerves i.e. oculomotor nuclei control the pupil and most of the eye movements and trochlear nuclei help in the rotating movements of the eyes. 
• Ventral tegmented area is involved in reward systems and affiliate learning.

Cerebral aqueduct 

The cerebral aqueduct provides a connection between the third and fourth ventricles.

Cerebral peduncle

The cerebral peduncle has a role in connecting the forebrain to the hindbrain.

Main Functions of the Midbrain

• It acts as a bridge for the spinal cord to send sensory information from the head and body to the brain.
• It coordinates the movements of our eyes, eyelids and eyeballs.
• Being a part of the brainstem, the midbrain also contributes to the regulation of voluntary movements.
• The midbrain makes us able to respond to threats or unfavorable conditions.
• It acts as a channel between the forebrain and hindbrain.
• It attaches the pons to the forebrain.
• It also controls some autonomic functions.
• With the help of other parts of the brainstem, it helps control pain, breathing and mood swings.